Thursday, December 15, 2011

Gluconeogenesis


Substrate  for  gluconeogenesis  :
pyruvate
Lactate
Glycerol
Propionate
Glucogenic  aminoacids


Tissue  location :
Mainly  in  the  liver
Lesser  extent  in  renal  cortex

Intracellular  location :
  - partly  mitochondrial
  -  partly  cytsolic

Significance  of  gluconeogenesis :
  - maintains  blood  glucose  level
 -  Clears  up  the metabolites  like  lactate, glycerol etc.

Gluconeogenesis  from glucogenic aminoacids


The Cori Cycle  (Lactic acid cycle)



Tuesday, December 13, 2011

Treatment of peptic ulcer


Gastric/duodenal

  • Mucosal defensive factors- mucus, mucosal blood blow, formation of HCO- 3 and PGE  2   & PGI2
  • Aggressive factors- acid, pepsin, NSAIDs, H. pylori

  • Physiology of HCl secretion
  • Gastric parietal cells have receptors for gastrin (from antral G cells), histamine (from ECL cells), acetylcholine ( from vagal efferents) and prostaglandin (PGE2 & PGI2- from gastric mucosa)
  • Enterochomaffin-like cells histamine


  • Stimulation of H2 receptors by histamine activation of adenyl cyclase  increase in cAMP activation of protein kinases stimulates H+ secretion from H+  /K+ ATPase (proton pump- final step) into the canalicular surface, H+ combines with Cl to form HCl  gastric lumen

  • Activation of M3 by Ach and gastrin receptors activation of phoshpolipase C IP3-DAG increase in cytosolic Ca++  activation of protein Kinases stimulation of  H+ secretion from H+  /K+ ATPase (proton pump) 

  • Stimulation of PG receptor by PGE2  inhibits cAMP in parietal cells and Gastrin release from antral cells decrease in HCl secretion

  • PGE2 also increases mucosal blood flow and mucus and HCO3 secretion cytoprotective effect

  • So, H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, anticholinergics, HCl neutralizing agents and H Pylori inhibiting agents are the anti-ulcer drugs
  • Also, ulcer protective and ulcer healing agents



Classification
I. Drugs which reduce gastric acid secretion
A. H2 receptor antagonists (H2antihistaminics) -cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, roxatadine, loxatadine
B. Proton pump inhibitors- omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole
C. Anticholinergics- propanthelin, pirenzepine, telezepine
D. Prostaglandin analogs- misoprostol (PGE1), enprostil (PGE2), rioprostil (PGE1)

II. drugs which neutralize gastric acid (antacids)
A. systemic- sodium carbonate
B. non-systemic aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, magnesium trisilicate, megaldrate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate

III. Ulcer protective- sucralfate, colloidal bismuth subcitrate
IV. Ulcer healing drugs- carbenexolone sodium
V. Anti H pylori drugs (used in combination)
 amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tinidazole, tetracycline 

I. Drugs which reduce gastric acid secretion
A. H2 antagonists
MOA-  block H2 histaminic receptors  in gastric parietal cells ↓ HCl secretion

Cimetidine
ADR- 
Headache, GI upset
Antiandrogenic effect (displaces dihydrotestosterone from the receptor), ↑prolactin gynecomastia, loss of libido, impotence, decrease in sperm count

Inhibits cytochrome P450– inhibits the metabolism of theophylline, sulfonul ureas, warfarin, mexiletineà toxicity
•Bolus IV injection à histamine releaseà bradycardia, arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
•CNS effects- hallucinations, delirium, convulsion and coma

Uses-
Duodenal ulcer – 400mg bid, or 800 mg hs for 8 weeks
Gastric ulcer
Stress ulcer and gastritis
Zollinger –Ellison syndrome (gastric hypersecretory state)

Dietary & mucosal proteins are also adsorbed to this coat which form another layer & provides further resistance to the  ulcer base so that aggressive factors (acid, pepsin) don’t come in contact with the ulcer base
Also increases mucosal PGE2 synthesis and HCO3 formation
Stimulates epithelial & fibroblast growth factor promotes healing

Wednesday, October 19, 2011

Functioning of Nephron

A nephron (from Greek νεφρός (nephros) meaning "kidney") is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate water and soluble substances by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. Nephrons eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood volume and pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.




Reference:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

Monday, October 10, 2011

With home crowd support, Azkals expect tight match vs Nepal

Nepal
Nepal


0 0
Yet to be Played
11-Oct-2011 04:45 PM NST
Rizal Memorial Stadium, Manila

Philippines
Philippines
 For Team Updates Click  here
For Live Game Click Here
For Live Minute to Minnute Updates Click Here

Tuesday, August 9, 2011

Therapy of Diarrhoea


  • Absorption of ions:
  • Cl-, HCO3- absorption is passive 
  • HCO3- is also exchanged for Cl-
  • Bicarbonate (accompanied by Na+) absorbed secretion of H+.
  • K+ excreted by exchanging with Na+, also excreted by secretion to mucus.

  • Secretary process stimulated by PGs and intracellular Ca2+
  • All acute enteric infections produce secretary diarrhoea. 
  • Accumulation of cGMP caused by the heat stable toxin of Clostridium difficale and E. Histolytica
  • enhances anion secretion.
  • Carcinoid diarrhoea mediated by cAMP
  • Bile acids case diarrhoea by activating adenylyl cyclase. 
  • Hyper motility of bowel now considered to be ofsecondary role in diarrhoea.



Rational Of ORS

For more than 25 years, WHO and UNICEF recommended a single formulation of glucose-based
Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) to prevent or treat dehydration from diarrhoea irrespective of the cause or age group affected.
Standard formula recommended was:
Nacl      60 mM (3.5 gm)
KCl      20 mM (1.5 gm)
Trisodium citrate    30 mM (2.9 gm)
Glucose     110mM (20 gm)
to be dissolved in   1 litre of water


Drug therapy
Antimicrobials:
Antimicrobials have limited role in overall treatment of diarrhoeal patients. 
Antimicrobials are of no value in diarrhoea due to non infective cases such as:
1.IBS
2. Coeliac disease 
3. Pancreatic enzyme deficiency
4. Topical sprue
5. Thyrotoxicosis. 

Antimicrobials regularly useful in:
1. Cholera: 
Tetracyclines (Doxycycline), Cotrimoxazole,
erythromycin.
2. Campylobacter jejuni
Norfloxacin, fluorquinolones. Erythromycin
3. Clostridium difficale associated pseudomembranous colitis: 
Metronidazole.
4. Amoebiasis and giardiasis


Anticholinergic agents:
Can reduce bowel motility and secretion, have poor
effect in secretary diarrhoeas.

Octreotide:
Somatostatin analogue, potent antisecretory and antimotility action on gut. 

These are opioid drugs which:
  • Reduce propulsive movements
  • Diminish intestinal secretions
  • Enhances absorption 

MOA: Mediated via µ receptors (enteric neuronal network)

Codeine:
Anti-diarrhoeal effect attributed to its action on small
intestine and colon. 

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Mechanism of Action


Monday, August 8, 2011

Nepal Vs India U16 SAAF Live Result

Nepal U-16
Nepal U-16
Rishi Magar 20'

1 0
Match in Progress
SAFF U-16 Championship
08-Aug-2011 03:30 PM NST
Dasrath Stadium

India U-16
India U-16
28 ' India's two strikers; Laldanta Sanga and Daniel are looking for counter moves. Biswas, Sanjaya,Bibesk and Sagar Lama - Nepalese defenders are playing well.


26 ' Nepalese boys are now marking the Indian defenders well, Supporters are behind them.


25 ' What is this? should have been Red Card! Suman Lama is fouled. Yellow card is given. Free kick to Nepal. Nepal skipper, Heman Gurung steps in to take the shot, wow... going..going..going! MAN! inches above the bar!


22 ' Nepalese supporters are still dancing! Wow! electrifying environment here. I am still remembering the back heel flick of Suman Lama, just like Cristiano Ronaldo!Huuuuuuuuuuuu! You lovely boy!


21 ' Dangerous, India on attack! Daniel flicks the ball luckily, it angles away, Total luck to Nepal... Comeon Nepalese colts, you need to mark the striker well!


20 ' GOAL..GOAL.GOAL!!!!!!! What a GOAL for Nepal.. Credit goes to Suman Lama, what a nimble show, just like Christianon Ronaldo, but it hits the bar and Rishi Thapa Magar is right there to place the ball. GOAL.GOAL!!! Nepal are 1-0 up!
GOAL Rishi Thapa Magar


18 ' Oh hooo., dangerous but luck to Nepal, Sanjaya Rajbahak slides to tackle the ball but it hits the leg of Daniel, Nepalese goalie, Birendra is out from his position but he manages to catch the ball. Phewwwwww!


17 ' Daniel of India is looking dangerous, Nepalese boys need to makr him properly. Lovely Biswash, what a neat pass to Rishi, Can he score from that position, not more than 20 yard, powerful shot but goes little wide.


16 ' counter move by Indians, Daniel is well challenged by Sanjaya Rajbahak, what a tackle, lovely! Good job Rajbahak.


14 ' Rishi Thapa magar is fouled by Raja Rawat, referee gives a foul kick to Nepal. wow, Nepal..Nepal..Aditya Choudhary steps in to kick the ball, he's got power in his legs, shoots powerfully but the ball skies over the ball.


12 ' Indian coaches are asking their goalie, Supratim to shoot long ball to Nepal D box, I can see Indian coaches instructing their goalie!


11 ' Sagar Lama fouls on Lalram, referee whistles for a foul, Raja Rawat is ready with the ball, Nepalese goalie, Birendra Chand is shouting at his boys, Rawat curls the ball, well caught by Chand.


10 ' Indians are playing aerial ball. Off side trap here by Nepalese boys and Laldanta Sanga is caught! this could be dangerous.


8 ' Shorter Nepalese boys are holding the ball possession, Indians are looking for counter moves from the start. Aww, our senior team coach, Graham Roberts is shouting at the boys! Rishi..Rishi...


6 ' Biswas shrestha is in the left field, crosses the ball to Suman and Rishi but the ball curls out. Nepalese boys are putting Indians udner pressure.


5 ' Good pass by Rishi to Suman Hamal, Myron tackles the ball well. Good start by both teams.


4 ' First corner kick of the match, Nepal earns it, Nepal..Nepal..everywhere, Heman Gurung is ready with the ball, Sajid clears the ball from D-box.


3 ' India: Supratim (GK), Myron, Suman, Sajid, Nabin, Kamalpreet, Germanpreet, Lalram, Raja, Daniel, Laldanta


2 ' Nepal : Heman, Aditya, Sanjaya, Anil, Birendra (GK), Umesh, Rishi, Bibek, Biswas, Sagar, Suman


1 ' Peeeep! here we go. Nepal U-16 vs India U-19/ Watch LIVE video at www.goalnepal.com.np. Mizamizanpur from Bangladesh is the man in charge.



Wow..Nepal..Nepal already! Nepal are in red shirts while Indians are in blue shirts.



Both teams are under tunnel, ready for the match. Here echoes the FIFA anthem.



Pakistan won the match against Bangladesh and are through to final. Nepalese colts are ready to do the same.



Hello, big match here at Dasrath Stadium. More than 5000 spectators are here supporting Nepal...only Nepal! Stay with us, we are 10 mins away to kick off the match.



Wednesday, May 11, 2011

Photographs in White House when Laden was killed!!!

Situation Room Osama Bin laden

Sometime after midnight last night I Tweeted this: "Can't wait to see White House photographer Pete Souza's behind-the-scenes photos of the past few days' events." Souza has delivered. For the past several years, the White House chief photographer has been chronicling every moment of the Obama Administration. He has unprecedented access to the President and his staff and gets himself into meetings and rooms you'd think he wouldn't ever be allowed. Case in point: Souza was in the Situation Room with President Obama, Vice President Biden, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and other senior officials while the mission in Pakistan to take out Osama bin Laden was taking place yesterday. The photo above is truly remarkable — check out the no-BS look on the President's face and Secretary Clinton's expression of near shock at what she's watching. Absolutely awesome. We can only guess that they're watching the mission unfold via a camera mounted on one of the Navy SEAL's helmets. Check out more cool photos from yesterday's events in the White House after the jump.


Situation Room Obama Point


Obama Thinking

Obama Team Situation Room

Obama Writing Speech Osama

Obama Phone Call Osama Bin Laden

Listening To Obama Speech

Obama Giving Speech

Obama Handshake Mike Mullin

By the way, one more thing about Souza's photos. He posts a selection of them every day on theWhite House Flickr feed, and perhaps even cooler, every single photo that he and his staff takes are protected pieces of the National Archives. Which means that he's not allowed to delete any photos and the entire collection will be made available to the public following the completion of Obama's presidency. That's pretty amazing.

Cannes Film Festival had begun in cannes of france from May 11 2011!!!


The much-awaited Cannes Film Festival is all set to begin today with the screening of Woody Allen's Midnight in Paris, starring Owen Wilson, Rachel McAdams, Marion Cotillard, Kathy Bates, Adrien Brody and Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (France's first lady, wife of President Nicolas Sarkozy)! The Festival de Cannes will be held from May 11th to May 22nd. The mouth watering line-up of movies that will be screened also includes Michael Hazanavicius' French film, The Artist, which is creating much buzz for being a silent movie, set in Hollywood during the transition from silent films to sound. Another highly-anticipated film is The Tree of Life, starring Brad Pitt and Sean Penn. Also making the list is the much-awaited next instalment of the Pirates' franchise, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides starring Johnny Depp and Penelope Cruz.

The other big names showcasing their wares will be Gus Van Sant with Restless, Pedro Almodovar with La Piel que Habito (The Skin I Live In); Lars Von Trier with Melancholia, the Dardenne brothers Jean-Pierre and Luc with Le Gamin au Velo; Japanese horror guru Takashi Miike with Ichemel (Hara-Kiri: Death of a Samurai) and Italian comic/ communist guru Nani Moretti, with Habemus Papam (We Have a Pope), and upcoming hotshot Paolo Sorrentino's This Must Be the Place.

Amidst all this fun and fanfare, India will also mark its presence at the festival with three Indian beauties Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Freida Pinto and Sonam Kapoor, walking the red carpet as brand ambassadors of a cosmetics company. Aishwarya says, "Being at Cannes for L'Oreal Paris has been an absolute pleasure and to experience this for the tenth consecutive year is overwhelming. It is one of the most glamourous red carpets on the world platform, celebrating cinema, showbiz, beauty, diversity and excellence. Several countries have always had more than one spokeswoman at Cannes and I'm glad India is finally getting the same recognition. I am happy that with Sonam and Freida, both beautiful women, have being invited to the festival this year, India will have a stronger presence, which is a clear sign of the growing importance of the country."

Also bolstering India's presence at Cannes will be the screening of a special documentary 'Bollywood - The Greatest Love Story Ever Told', made under the collaboration of UTV and Shekhar Kapur, on a special invitation of Cannes Festival director Thierry Fremaux. This 81-minute film will be screened as a part of the official selection for the 'out of competition' section.
 For more information about the festival please visit the official website and the link .

Sunday, May 8, 2011

Facebook owner and youngest Billionaire Mark Zuckerberg bought home in Palo Alto

Mark Zuckerberg is, at age 26, on the young side for a first-time home buyer these days. But the Facebook cofounder and chief executive isn’t exactly stretching financially to make his first purchase. Valued at $13.5 billion, and with a persona made famous by the Oscar-winning film The Social Network, Zuckerberg recently plunked down a relatively paltry $7 million for his first home.

The restored historic Palo Alto, Calif. Abode encompasses 5,617 square feet on a 17,100 square-foot plot. It includes five bedrooms, five and a half baths, a banquet-size dining room, a music alcove and glassed-in porch. The backyard has a saltwater pool, a spa, an outdoor gazebo with a wood-burning fireplace and a carport. The lot, located on Edgewood Drive in the Crescent Park neighborhood, is shielded from nosy neighbors and gawkers by a wall and citrus trees. Crescent Park itself is a high-end neighborhood where median single-family homes went for an average of $1.9 million in February, according to the Zillow Home Value Index.
The young billionaire’s new pad hails from an earlier structure erected by William A. Newell, a physician and politician who helped establish and govern the area in the late 19th century. It was razed and rebuilt by another physician in 1903. Since then, it changed hands roughly seven times, going through several remodelings, before being acquired by the social media entrepreneur.

The property was listed through Sherry Bucolo of Alain Pinel Realtors. Both Bucolo and Facebook declined to comment on the sale, but public records indicate the deal closed in mid-March. As with most real estate transactions involving rich and famous homebuyers, the sale was conducted through a third party LLC.
The young billionaire has long been a fan of renting and of relatively modest digs. His last two places were rentals in the College Terrace neighborhood of Palo Alto, both of which were close to Facebook’s offices and significantly smaller than the new home.

Zuckerberg, who ranks 52nd on Forbes’ list of the World’s Billionaires, paid $1 million more than the previously listed asking price of $5.85 million. The $7 million paid is about what the home is valued in the expensive 94301 zip code, according to Zillow.com.
That might seem like a hefty price tag to many middle Americans, but it’s pee wee league among billionaires. Yuri Milner, a venture capital billionaire and Facebook investor, shelled out $100 million for an 11 acre, 25,000 square foot estate in the area earlier this year. In April, news broke that Rinat Akhmetov, Ukraine’s wealthiest billionaire, had snatched up a London penthouse for $221 million, the most ever paid for an apartment anywhere.